English writing 01

[!NOTE] chapter 1.1 - 1.2

文章结构 Structure

The fig is symmetrical because many of the things you need to do in the Introduction are done — in reverse order — in the Discussion/Conclusion.

The shape represents the way information is ordered in the Introduction and the Discussion/Conclusion: in the Introduction you start out by being fairly general and gradually narrow your focus, whereas the opposite is true in the Discussion/Conclusion.

时态 Tense

一般现在时 Present Simple tense
- 在Intro中, 一般现在时用以描述公认的事实或公理(但是否是事实往往取决于作者).
- 在Conclusion中, 一般现在时用以表示结论足够Strong, 可以作为公理.
现在进行时 Present Continuous tense
一般过去时 Past Simple Perfect
- 关注于过去某个瞬间
过去完成时 Past Present Perfect
- 过去一段时间内…

Sentence connection (Signalling language)

句子之间的衔接能帮助读者更好的理解内容.

衔接方式:

在不同句子中重复相同内容.
用代词或替代指代上句中的内容, 将句子连接在一起.
用;或从句 将两个句子连接起来.
使用连接词指明句子间的逻辑关系(signalling sentence connector).

signalling language:

原因CAUSE
- 连接短语: due to on account of in view of
- 连接句子: as because since
结果RESULT
- therefore, consequently, hence.`
- which is why, so, as a result of.
  
  用so开头表达结果不够正式
矛盾CONTRAST/差别DIFFERENCE
- however, whereas,but.
- on the othe hand, while,by contrast.
意外UNEXPECTEDNESS
- although,even though, though
- despite,in spite of,regardless of,notwithstanding
- nevertheless,however,yet,nonetheless,even so
额外/ADDITION
- in addition,moreover,furthermore,apart from that/which
- also, secondly,in the second place,what is more

主动/被动

主语:

只能使用we表示研究团队
使用it指代一般人类, 不使用we.
使用被动句代替we
使用虚拟代替I/we, 如this article the pressent paper(常用)

分段 paragraphing:

从视觉上快速掌握全文
段落不可过长或过短.
每段开头为中心句, 其余部分均是对其的详细展开, 也因此不能过于偏离中心.

语法 Grammar

Introductions

需要准确的知道做了什么、得到了什么结果, 一般在文章最后写.

Model:

一般如何开始Intro
Intro中的信息种类与顺序
一般如何结束Intro

Methodology

Results

Discussion/Conclution

Abstract & Title

词汇

attempt, conduct, interpret, evaluate, determine, implement, formulate, classify, correlate, enhance

References

Science Research Writing for Non-Native Speakers of English

英语写作练习